With its entry into the European Union expected in 2007, Bulgaria is fast becoming a hot tourist destination. Just two to three hours by air from cities like London and Tel Aviv, many visitors come for the Black Sea coastline, the ski resorts and the spa centers. Bulgaria's best-kept secrets, however, are its historical stone buildings, some more than 2,500 years of age.

I recently explored the port city of Rousse, located in northeastern Bulgaria along the Danube River. There, I discovered the use of local limestone in the construction of a Roman fortress, an Ottoman wall, Bulgarian churches and a late 19th-century public building.

The theater building in Rousse, Bulgaria, is carved from local limestone that can appear light pink in bright sunlight. People have been using the local stone in construction since Roman times. Bulgaria is becoming a hot tourist spot, but Rousse is still quieter than other places. All images courtesy of Edward Monroe.

The local building blocks of Rousse come from the Roussenska Formation, which consists of limestone formed in a shallow sea during the early Mesozoic Era, approximately 100 million years ago. Later, uplifting occurred, from the Pliocene to Pleistocene epochs. Over millions of years, as the Roussenski Lom River flowed to the Danube, it eroded the local limestone, producing cliffs up to 100 meters high.

Roussenski limestone is light, strong, soft, and readily available along cliff faces, making it an attractive building material. Generally a white to cream color, it can appear light pink in bright sunlight. The presence of iron oxide produces a red-brown color that creates an appearance of light brush strokes through the stone.

Roussenski limestone has been quarried for centuries near the villages of Ivanovo, Basarbovo, Krasen and Pirgovo. Today, the best way to see the limestone is by touring the beautiful Rousse area, located on the Danube River, a historical passageway that extends 2,850 kilometers from the Black Forest region of Germany to the Black Sea. The Danube River was once a shifting border of the Roman Empire, and the military established posts along the waterway.

Using the local limestone, the Ottomans constructed a wall (at left) with five gates around Rousse; only one (below), the Kyuntukapu gate, remains.

A key stop along your tour of present-day Rousse's limestone buildings is the naval station known as Sexsaginta Prista, or "sixty ships," which was built under Emperor Vespasianus in A.D. 69 to 79. In its construction, rough-hewn limestone blocks were secured with mortar-containing sediments from the local riverbeds. Eventually, Avar and Slav raids destroyed the fortification in the 7th century. Today, archaeological work continues to reveal fortification walls, baths, tombs and sarcophagi.

In the late 14th century, the Ottoman Empire defeated the second Bulgarian Kingdom and would occupy the land for the next 500 years. Early on, the Ottomans recognized the military and trade value of ports along the Danube River. They referred to modern Rousse as "Rouschouk," and made it a busy center of trade. Merchants from the cities of Dubrovnik, Venice and Genoa settled there. During that time, a wall was constructed around the city with five gates named Stambulkapia, Ortakapu, Kyulkapu, Kyuntukapu and Humba. Following the Russian-Turkish War in 1878, Rouschouk was defortified, and the cut limestone blocks from the wall were recycled for use in residential and public buildings. Today, the location of the former wall is occupied by the city's inner ring road and park, but you can still find the Kyuntukapu gate, the only one remaining .

Travel about 22 kilometers southwest of Rousse, near the village of Ivanovo in the Roussenski Lom Nature Park, to visit the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During the secondBulgarian Kingdom in the 12th to 14th centuries, builders carved monastic chambers into solid limestone cliffs 40 meters from the base of the valley. The site is widely known for the quality of paintings on the church walls. Monks created depictions of religious events and figures, including Passion Week and the life of St. John the Baptist. Their efforts drew the support of Bulgarian national political and religious leaders, including Czar Ivan Alexander, who ruled from 1331 to 1371.

The Roussenski Lom Nature Park (at right), just southwest of Rousse, is well-known for its rock-hewn churches that are carved into the limestone cliffs. The churches are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Once back in the city, for a look at church construction from the 17th century, check out Sveta Troista, the Eastern Orthodox Church constructed sometime between 1632 and 1638. Its construction reveals the challenges Bulgarian Christians encountered in securing religious freedom. The original church was only 2 meters wide and 9 meters long. While Ottoman regulations made it difficult to build a new church, Christians were permitted to add on to existing churches. Additional Ottoman regulations set a height limit. As a result, additions to the original church were constructed with the main floor 4 meters below ground. Rows of windows direct daylight to the center of the church. Following the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, a bell tower was added to the building. Many of the limestone blocks that make up the exterior of the building have weathered to a dark gray color. It is worth stopping by the icon museum in the upper portion of the church.

For more recent construction in Rousse, the Sveta Troista, erected in the 1600s, highlights the struggles of Bulgarian Christians of the time.

Rounding out a tour of Rousse's building stones is the Profit Yielding Building, constructed from 1898 to 1902 as a trade center. The building, colloquially referred to as the "theater building," is a blend of architectural styles complete with a sculpture of the winged god of trade, Mercury. Inside are stages of the Rousse drama theater where some of Bulgaria's most famous actors and stage directors have performed. Roussenski limestone tiles form the veneer of the building, as well as fine architectural details and sculptures.

Outside of Rousse, the value of the area's limestone can be seen in Bulgaria's capital city, Sofia, and even in western European cities such as Vienna. Yet, unlike more popular tourist destinations, Rousse remains a relaxing summer spot. I recommend beginning any tour at Freedom Square, where accommodations are available at the Danube Hotel across from the tourist information center. The pedestrian-only central square is ideal for strolling, shopping, and restaurant hopping. Also, consider walking through the parks along the Danube, and perhaps a cruise down the river. Any visitor is sure to discover Rousse's unique charm.

Links:
Rousse Municipality
Bulgarian Geological Society
Destination Bulgaria site
Travel Bulgaria site

Other Bulgarian stone articles by the author:
Madara Horseman
The Rhodopi Village
Starosel-Chetinyova Mogila
New American Embassy in Bulgaria

Travels in Geology

Back to top

Geotimes Home | AGI Home | Information Services | Geoscience Education | Public Policy | Programs | Publications | Careers © 2025 American Geological Institute. All rights reserved. Any copying, redistribution or retransmission of any of the contents of this service without the express written consent of the American Geological Institute is expressly prohibited. For all electronic copyright requests, visit: http://www.copyright.com/ccc/do/showConfigurator?WT.mc_id=PubLink